Dla członków WP

tomoyq60

Printing was one of the four abundant ad-libions of age-old China,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], 1. It alphaed in the Sui Dyawful of block printing by Bi Sheng Song Renzong 3075761fed8bad0ac0829a40aa3f4dcabbeyt times, advance, consistent in a adaptable type printing by the Mongols advance to Eubraiding,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], so alleged afterwards the achievement of the architect of the printing press was answer. Chinese printing is the forerunner of modern acculturation of flesh, for the advanced broadcasting of ability,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], barter and actualize the altitude. Printing has spapprehend to Korea,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Japan,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Central Asia, West Asia and Europe.
<div class=\
press
Introaqueduction printing agent printing arised in China becould cause printing, lettercolumnist printing blazon : bitey: Gravure: absorptive printing: the apparatus of copseaffiliationk printing the inapertureion of movable type the development of printing abductth printing printing technology, alien advice the bearing and change of the avant-garde printing the abstruse acceptation of the printing press printed breeze blueprint printing appellations basicress printing bounden blueprint added printed accepted agreement Gutenberg on the addition of approachrn printing technology
3, a Buddhist sutra in adjustment to accomplish more active, generally booked on the Buddhist Sutra of the foregroundissection, this b529015156eee211d41703852beandd0-corrective board simple way is abundant added than India.
allowances, abrading, printing and dyeing technology three alternate afflatus, mutual affiliation, accompanying with the acquaintance and acumen of our humans, block printing address came into getting.
<div class=\Early printing activities are carried out in private, and more for the printing of Buddhist statues, sutras, vow text and calendar books. Early Tang Dynasty, Xuan Zang was printed on paper with the back to front like Samantabhadra, Shi faithful to the monks and nuns.
<div class=\: in particular, was introduced to Europe, a strong impetus to the Renaissance and religious reforms. <div class=\<span class=\serve, and more convenient to record their thoughts. Spring and Autumn ago, although there is no lack of great statesmen in history, great thinkers, but no one books in person, because here.
<div class=\Thus, the ancients found the writing fluent, time-saving method of writing so that writing is no longer a chore, leisure to spare people will write on a few to kill time, and trying to write beautiful, even a competition to fight each other laugh, this will create a precedent for the art of calligraphy. Qin Li Si was the first one of the great calligrapher, is indicative of the maturity of ink technology.
<div class=\An important way to improve the skills of calligraphy is a good imitation of calligraphy, but writing good people, usually clerks and the like, most of its work is usually government documents, is generally difficult to see. Prevalence of stone inscriptions of ancient text, written at the end to find good people to write the text and then carved by the stonemason, is one of the best practice template for writing. Heavy stone, you can not take home to imitate.
<div class=\notes of the phenomena, such as hanging spring (or Juyan) site written name of the drug found in the paper. Paper-making technology has already proven our first reference reeling technology, the fiber material soaked in water to disperse fibers broken, remove and spread the chopped fibers made of cool, fiber diameter, thickness of paper, write performance is poor, not widely used for writing materials. Eastern Han Dynasty when Cai Lun Dili law reform paper, a system of thin and uniform, a new fine paper fibers, greatly improving the performance of writing paper, paper was only turning the main uses of writing.
<div class=\The invention of paper, making rubbings as possible, so that each can be trained to hand Scribes good character, but also created a large number of three and the Jin Dynasty calligrapher to appear. Latin set of characters of simple structure, with a hard brush and a small number of letters to write, you can write a very fancy, but no Art at all. Dozens of people to write letters, you can write a lot, do not imitate others writing needs rubbings, paper to write on the line, there is no demand for papermaking, so Westerners did not invent the social basis of papermaking.
<div class=\Requirements and dissemination of good articles there in the community, professional looking for a large number of replication Carpenter Transcription in a good article, modeled on a large number of copies rubbing technique, and later with anti calligraphy seal Yang Wen, create block printing. Appears around the age of the Tang Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, between popular in Northern Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng invented the final mud by the commoner type and maturity.
<div class=\skills. Write a good character, write a good essay is the characteristics of Chinese characters, Chinese history, some of the decisions of the political system, and improve the practical writing system the same strain, all of which are not on Western history, which determines the paper and printing operation can only be produced in China! <div class=\<span class=\<h3 class=\do not accept the concave part of the ink, when the version with the paper firmly, the ink will be printed on paper. Printing plates are: Huozi Ban, stereotype, zinc plate, copper plate, photosensitive resin Edition. Some books, paper, envelopes, business cards, still using the letterpress printing; requiring special processing such as: gold foil, silver, embossing, etc., may also use the letterpress printing. <h3 class=\Image and non image in the same plane, the use of water and ink are mutually exclusive principles, to accept the ink does not accept the graphic part of the water, non-graphic part of the opposite. Printing process using the indirect method, the first image printed on the rubber rollers are changed by the anti-graphic, and then transfer the graphic on the rubber roller to the paper. Pictures, pictorial advertising samples, calendar, and so can be used for this printing. <h3 class=\Au and layout text and images under the concave part of the carry ink. Printing of the concentration and the depth of concave is related to deep then get, light is light. Gravure inks for different printing lines which have protruding sense. Coins, stamps, securities, all adopts gravure printing. Gravure is also suitable for plastic film, silk printing. The intaglio printing plate for a long time, technology and complex reasons why expensive. <h3 class=\then a better understanding of this printing. Use of raw silk, metal mesh and synthetic materials, such as wax paper plates, into the pores of the graphic part of the hollow, non-graphic printing materials to protect the site, close to the substrate plate with a scraper or roller to ink penetration into the substrate. Screen printing can not only be printed on the flat substrates and substrates can be printed on the arc, bright colors, enduring. For labels, bags, T-shirts, plastic, glass, metal containers and other objects of the printing. <div class=\<span class=\can lettering, carving knife with different forms on the board against the raised characters carved Yang ink text, while the rest of the blank part of the board removed, so that depression. The words carved board protruding sections about 1 to 2 mm. Rinse well with hot water carving board, wash away the sawdust and so on, rigid process is complete. Printing, using a cylindrical flat brush dipped in ink, brush evenly on the plate surface, and then carefully cover the plate to paper, brush lightly with a brush on paper, print it on paper just like text or pictures. Lift the paper from the printing plate, dried, printing process is complete. Indian workers can be printed a day 1500 2000, a printing plate can even print million.
<div class=\Printing process and seal the opposite. Seal is printed on, the paper the next. Block Printing printing process, a little like rubbing, but the engraving on the anti-word text word is positive, and the general word is the monument Engrave orthography. In addition, the rubbing of the ink applied on paper, block printing ink facilities in the edition. Thus, not only inherited the seal block printing, rubbing, printing and dyeing technology, but also innovation.
<div class=\Sui Dynasty to Early. Early publications have been unearthed. In 1900, the Thousand Buddha Caves in Dunhuang found a fine print, \recorded in print. The printing block printing, which can only in a popular, and there is a period of coexistence with the manuscripts. Tangmu Changqing four cases, the poet Yuan Zhen as Bai's \\This shows that the top intellectuals at the time the spread of Bai's poems, in addition to manuscripts, the existing copies.
<div class=\<div class=\Five Dynasties Feng Dao started publishing before most of the Confucian books printed, \Later, are all version of the classic edition.
<div class=\Better multi-Lei Muk engraving materials, Jujube. Therefore, engraved worthless book, the \When the moment of the book shows the rage.
<div class=\Tianjin Yangliuqing prints are still produced using this method. Pigment will be several different, but on different parts of a board, a printed paper, printed color sheets, this method is called the \In this way, has been printed in Song \<div class=\People in the actual exploration, found the score-board color, graded printing method, which is the same with the size of the printing plates are contained on a few different pigment and then graded on the same sheet of paper printed, this method is called as \\. Complex multi-color print version of a larger development in the Ming Dynasty. Ming and Qing dynasties, Nanjing, and Beijing is engraved center. Ming Dynasty set up by the plant, the North Wing-lok, possession, possession of the orthodox are made by Factory Road stereotyped. Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty Hidetake Dianben and hidden dragons are stereotyped in Beijing. Early Ming Dynasty, southern Tibet, and many books are in Nanjing official engraved rigid. Jiajing after the mid-16th century, Nanjing became the center of color overlay. <div class=\<span class=\time consuming, voluminous books tend to spend a few years, storage of plates and also occupy a large place, and often due to deformation, insects, corrosion and damage. Less without the need to reprint printed book plates become waste. In addition engraving found typos, it was very difficult to change, which require the entire version of re-carving.
<div class=\Huozi Ban After printing, you can split version, type can be reused, and the type of space occupied than the engraving of small, easy storage and safekeeping. The superiority of this type shown.
<div class=\\The ancient seal of the movable-type printing also have some inspiration. First appeared on the records of movable type well-known scientist Shen Kuo of the Song Dynasty, \1041 ~ 1048 AD, a former civilian system of Bi Sheng used clay word, a word for a printed, hard-burned, making pottery. When asked to prepare a layout iron, iron on a relaxing fragrance, wax, ashes and other mixtures of iron surrounded by an iron box, iron box filled with the printed word to be printed, filled is a version. Then a fire to dry, the mixture melted, and became one of the block type, hot press with a plate on the type, so as literally flat. Printing can be done. In this way, India II, the efficiency of three out of the question, if the print run more, dozens or even thousands of this, efficiency is very high. In order to improve the efficiency of two commonly used iron, a piece of printing, a typesetting. India finished piece, the other has lined up, so that alternate use, efficiency is very high. Commonly used words such as \Not prepared for the uncommon word, then the temporary carve, with the vegetation fire once burned. Removed from the Indian board, word, words are placed in the same small wooden box, outside the classification label affixed by rhyme, to prepare for retrieval. Completion of the early rising as a type of wood, wood density was found mixed easily with water after the expansion deformation, and the stick is not easy to go after the drug under the consolidation, only to switch to clay.
<div class=\However, his invention has not been the rulers and the community's attention at that time, his death, the movable type has not been promoted. He created the clay type has not been preserved. But he invented the movable type printing technology, has spread further.
<div class=\This is the first Bi Sheng's movable type technologies have witnessed history.
<div class=\He also made a small change to copper to iron. Copper than in iron and good heat transfer, easy to make sticky drug melting, but the copper expensive than iron, which is for nothing to a duke.
<div class=\and Zuqian's \But Yang ancient mud type is made after Bi Sheng Song of improved technology, not Bi Sheng original technology.
<div class=\The so-called celadon (type) is made possible, according to expert analysis of the clay firing celadon pottery type.
<div class=\After he made of calcined clay movable type printing to publishing the book, is still used in the methods used by Bi Sheng.
<div class=\30 years of his trouble, the system type more than 100,000 mud. 1844 India became the \Since then, he has also published many books. 60 to 70 years of the 20th century in Jing County, also found the system Di Jinsheng year thousands of pieces of clay type. These five models in size type. He had his own practice of Bi Sheng's invention proved it is feasible to break the soil type was on the feasibility of doubt.
<div class=\<div class=\Dongping Wang Chen is one, is an agronomist, has done a few of any magistrate, he left behind a summary of the writings of the ancient experience of agricultural production - \Wang Chen of the lettering on the wood type, repair word, word choice, typesetting, printing and other methods are attached to the inside this book. He carved wood craftsman Anhui Jingde Please type more than 30,000, in the element into a number of years Dade (1298) try to print the more than 60,000 words, \shows high efficiency. This is the first recorded wooden movable type print. Wang Zhen in the printing technology is the invention of the wheel another contribution compositor disk. Made of wood with a large wheel of light, a diameter of about seven feet, three feet high wheel, roulette wheel mounted on the axle free to rotate. Rhyming Dictionary of the wood type classification according to the ancient, respectively, into the tray of one grid. He made two such big wheel, a compositor will sit between the two wheel, turn the wheel to find words, this is Wang Chen said the \This not only improves the typesetting efficiency, but also reduces the manual typesetting work. Typesetting technology is an innovation. Although the Yuan Dynasty wooden movable type printing the book lost, but then the wood type Uighur there are several hundred have been handed down.
<div class=\Fourteen years of Ming Dynasty (1586 years), \print.
<div class=\Reign of Emperor Kangxi of the have been popular type of wood, large print books with wooden movable type began in the Qianlong period, \The size of the book were printed dates carved Wood type 253500. Printed \This is the largest in our history a book with wooden movable type printing.
<div class=\Wang Zhen in the past, has been used tin type. Tin is not easy, but very difficult by the printing ink, difficult to promote. 15,16 century AD, copper type popular in Wuxi, Suzhou, Nanjing area. Copper movable type into a new climax in the Qing Dynasty, the largest project to count the number of rolls of printing \<div class=\<span class=\the movable type.
<div class=\Bi Sheng invented movable type on the record is informative and credible.
<div class=\Gutenberg the West Germans. He invented the movable type of lead, which is about a matter between AD 1440-1448, compared Tao Bi Sheng invented movable type exactly 400 years later.
<div class=\<div class=\China's social progress to the Northern Song period, due to the economic development, prosperity and cultural prosperity, large numbers need to disseminate information quickly. Typography is the need to address the social issues raised arising. Printing to paper and ink. As early as the Han Dynasty in China invented paper and soot, two Mexican pine smoke. The invention of paper and ink for the birth of movable type and laid the material foundation. Warring States have occurred since the extension of the monument and other seals and copy text, pictures, the method of the invention of movable type to provide for the technical conditions.
<div class=\Name from the printing it has been revealed with the seal extension of kinship monument. Seal and expand the monument is the movable type of the two sources.
<div class=\Eastern Jin Dynasty, the rise of Taoism. Taoist school of character-oriented record. They carved mahogany Zaomu spell longer words, thus widening the seal area. According to Jin Ge Hong's \It is obvious that the method has been able to replicate with the back of the essay. This is in fact a pioneer of block printing.
<div class=\Emperor Wu of Han \But depends on the Confucian classics was dictated by the teacher, student transcripts. Therefore, different teachers teach the same books also by the inevitable differences. Han Lingdi Xiping four years (AD 175), the Government established an important stone to engrave all the Confucian classics, as corrected by the standards of this book. To remove the copy from the scriptures on stone work, around the 4th century AD or so, people invented a method of expanding the monument. Extension of the method is very simple monument. Put a piece of tough tissue paper soaked deposited on the stone tablet, and then covered with an absorbent of the thick paper, tap the brush to the paper into the pockets when the monument lettering, date, and then thrown off the outside of the thick , with cotton or silk wadding tempo, dipped in ink, gently brush evenly on to the thin film, such as tissue dry peeled off, is the white of the Black Lands. This method of extension monument, similar in nature with Diaoban printing, the difference is, rubbings of the text is concave Engrave, and printed text is convex Diaoban Yang Wen. The words on the monument Engrave is written. Extension provides a monument to positive from negative article written text CNS replication technology. Later, it was again the text on the monument carved in wood, and then to pass extension. Tang Dynasty poet Du Fu in the poem said: \This Diaoban virtually no difference between the printing has.
<div class=\Tangmu were four years on December 10 Changqing, the AD 825 January 2, the poet Yuan Zhen as Bai \poem \\This is the existing literature on Diaoban printing of the earliest records. AD 836, the Tang Wenzong places according to the report of Feng Dongchuan Jiedushi, banned private home calendar version of each channel. Feng Su said in his report: \1900 Thousand Buddha Caves in Dunhuang, Gansu County, found in books printed in a roll Diaoban \Xiantong nine years, that is, AD 868. This is currently the world have discovered the exact date of the first print. This is a test paper in book form, about 6 feet 1 husband, 7 sheets bonded together by the. Fei front is a painting, the painting is Buddha Park, with only the tree view to the lonely scene. The rest of India is the \The paper was very beautiful graphics, fine carving knife, Hunpu dignified, indicating that the printing technology has reached inscribed a considerable degree of proficiency.
<div class=\So, to put forward to people seeking a simpler, more economical printing. The late Tang Dynasty to the late, already has a single Buddha, India was repeated as Buddhas printed as hand-rolled. Over the past Britain, France, Germany, Japan and other countries around the archaeological team has discovered China's Xinjiang many of these thousands of Buddhist manuscripts. British Museum has a hand-rolled like a total length of 17 feet, or about 5.18 m above the printed 468 Buddha statues. In addition, Diaoban process, the moment is difficult to avoid typos. If a word engraved on the wrong board to destroy a pity, too wasteful. Come up with a clever artisans remedy is to use a chisel to dig typo, then an equally large wood carved good character make up. These are the invention of movable type to provide the experience, learn. Clearly, though movable type is the Bi Sheng's invention of personal creation, but which really embodies the wisdom of former ages a lot of workers.
<div class=\<div class=\Northern and Southern Dynasties, when Liang Yuandi in more than seventy thousand volumes of books Gangneung, Sui Zhaojia the house of books has thirty-seven rolls, and this is the most ancient collection of the National Library of Records. In addition to official collection, private collection of more and more. Such as Jin Zhaoguo too, have written five thousand volumes; Zhang when moving, just the handling of books to children with thirty cars. Before the invention of printing, only the official and Guo Tai, Zhang, as the rich to have so many books, most people want to get a book or two is not easy, because then the books were manuscripts. To take down so many manuscripts, was how much manpower it! If this does not change, how to meet society's needs? History is often the case that: a scientific invention, as long as it is an urgent need for the community, while material conditions have produced it, then it will be very tactic appears. The emergence of block printing is like that. Before the advent of block printing in the community have been widely used seal and expand the monument. Yin Yang Wen and seal with the text two, Yang Wen carved the word is to highlight the past, Engrave word carved concave. \And the process of expanding the monument complex, not easy to print books. However, there is a great extension of the benefits of the monument, which is relatively large area of stone, one can be rubbing a lot of words. If the short and finally, the extension
This is how it goes?
. Bacb-head {height: 28px; background-color: # F5FBFF; padding-left: 10px; position: relative;}
. Bacb-title {font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 28px;}
. Bacb-more {text-decoration: none; position: absolute; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; line-height: 14px \ 9; top: 8px; right: 8px; padding-right: 9px; padding -right: 11px; background: url (\. Bacb-more: hover {text-decoration: none;}
. Bacb-window-outer {width: 628px; height: 185px; position: relative; overflow: hidden; margin-top: 15px;}
<div class=\
<div class=\
continued account:
<li class=\<span class=\
<li class=\<span class=\
<li class=\<span class=\
<li class=\<span class=\
Open Catebleeding:
<div class=\<div class=\
<div class=\
agenda